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Словарь металлурга [19]

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Дефекты поверхности тонких листов в виде несквозных разрывов, образующихся при прокатке в местах забоин, углублений от зачистки, раскатных шлак.включений, вкат.металлич.частиц и окалины.

Наклёп


1. Изменение структуры и соответств.свойств металлов и сплавов в результате пластичной деформации при Т<Трекр. Наклёп металла бывает результатом действия внешних деформирующих сил (деформационный наклёп) или фазового превращения (фазовый наклёп). Структура наклёп.металла характеризуется наличаем преимущ. ориентир .кристаллов (текстур) и повышенной плотностью дислокаций. Наклёп сопровождается увеличением прочности и твёрдости и снижением пластичности и вязкости.
2. Технологический процесс создания упрочнённого состояния металла холодной поверхности пластичной деформацией; используется для поверхностного упрочнения (нагартовки) гот.деталей. Наряду с поверхностным упрочнением наклёп приводит к возникновению в поверхностном слое деталей благопр.сжим.остат.напряжений, что повышает их устал.прочность, а иногда и износостойкость. Наклёп осуществляется специальными способами и на специальном оборудовании, например обкаткой цилиндрических поверхностей – роликами, зубьев зубчатых колёс – роликами или зубчатыми накатниками, дробеструйной обработкой фасоновых поверхностей, обработкой ударными инструментами и др.

Неметаллы


Химические элементы, которые образуют простые тела, не обладающие характерными для металла свойствами. К неметаллам относят 22-элемента. Из них при комнатной температуре находятся в газообразном состоянии H, N, O, F, Cl и инертные газы в жидком – Br и твёрдом – B, C, Si, P, S, As, Ce,Te, L, At. За исключением инертных газов с весьма устойчивой внешней электронной оболочкой и потому практически химически неактивных, неметалл высоко электроотрицательный.

Номенклатура металлопродукции


Классифицированный перечень продукции из металла, производится металлургическими и другими отраслями промышленности.
По степени детализации или обобщения отдельных видов продукции различ.номенклатуру:
развёрнутую (специфициров.) по типам, маркам, профилям, размерам, сортам;
групповую в которой отдельные позиции развёрнутой номенклатуры объединены в однородные группы под единым названием (например сортовой прокат, катанка, толстый лист, тонкий лист, полоса горячекатаная в рулонах, полоса холоднокатаная в рулонах, фасонные профили и т.п.)

В России развернута номенклатура только в ЧМ включает около 4 тысяч горячекатаных сортовых профилей, 20 тысяч типоразмеров листа, 2 тысячи гнутых фасон.профилей, 30 тысяч профилеразмеров труб и 50 тысяч типоразмеров метизов из сталей и сплавов > 2500 марок а всего около 12 млн исполнения металлопродукции.

Категория: Словарь металлурга | Просмотров: 811 | Добавил: vtormet | Рейтинг: 0.0 |
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